Tabel Referensi Gemologi GLI — RI, SG, Hardness & Karakter Optik

No Stone Mineral / Species Variety RI SG Hardness Optical Character Birefringence Treatment Umum Catatan Identifikasi
1 Agate Quartz Agate 1.530–1.540 2.58–2.64 6.5–7 Uniaxial (+) ~0.009 Dyeing Chalcedony berlapis/banded
2 Alexandrite Chrysoberyl Alexandrite 1.746–1.755 3.70–3.73 8.5 Biaxial (+) 0.008–0.011 Heat Color change
3 Amazonite Microcline Amazonite 1.522–1.530 2.54–2.58 6–6.5 Biaxial (−) ~0.007 — Feldspar
4 Amber Organic Amber 1.530–1.550 1.05–1.10 2–2.5 Aggregate — Heat, filling Organic gem material
5 Amethyst Quartz Amethyst 1.544–1.553 2.65–2.66 7 Uniaxial (+) ~0.009 Heat Purple quartz
6 Andalusite Andalusite Andalusite 1.629–1.650 3.13–3.16 7.5 Biaxial (−) ~0.015 — Strong pleochroism
7 Aquamarine Beryl Aquamarine 1.564–1.590 2.68–2.80 7.5–8 Uniaxial (−) ~0.006 Heat Fe-bearing beryl
8 Aventurine Quartz Quartz Aventurine 1.544–1.553 2.63–2.66 7 Uniaxial (+) ~0.009 — Included quartz
9 Azurite Azurite Azurite 1.730–1.838 3.77–3.89 3.5–4 Biaxial (+) ~0.108 — Very high birefringence
10 Beryl Beryl — 1.564–1.595 2.63–2.92 7.5–8 Uniaxial (−) ~0.005–0.007 Heat Species containing Emerald & Aquamarine
11 Bloodstone Quartz Bloodstone 1.530–1.540 2.58–2.64 6.5–7 Uniaxial (+) ~0.009 Dyeing possible Chalcedony with inclusions
12 Carnelian Quartz Carnelian 1.530–1.540 2.58–2.64 6.5–7 Uniaxial (+) ~0.009 Heat, dyeing Orange-red chalcedony
13 Chalcedony Quartz Chalcedony 1.530–1.540 2.58–2.64 6.5–7 Aggregate — Dyeing Microcrystalline quartz
14 Charoite Charoite Charoite 1.550–1.570 2.54–2.78 5–6 Biaxial — — Fibrous structure
15 Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl — 1.746–1.755 3.70–3.73 8.5 Biaxial (+) 0.008–0.011 Heat Includes Alexandrite
16 Citrine Quartz Citrine 1.544–1.553 2.65–2.66 7 Uniaxial (+) ~0.009 Heat Natural and heated
17 Clinozoisite Clinozoisite — 1.672–1.724 3.30–3.50 6–7 Biaxial ~0.015–0.050 — Epidote-group mineral
18 Coral Organic Coral Variable 2.60–2.70 3–4 Aggregate — Dyeing, bleaching Organic
19 Diamond Diamond Diamond 2.417–2.419 3.52 10 Isotropic None HPHT, CVD, irradiation Highest Mohs hardness
20 Diopside Diopside — 1.664–1.730 3.22–3.38 5–6 Biaxial (+) ~0.030 Heat possible Chrome Diopside is green variety
21 Emerald Beryl Emerald 1.560–1.590 2.67–2.78 7.5–8 Uniaxial (−) ~0.006 Oil, resin Cr/V-bearing beryl
22 Epidote Epidote — 1.720–1.768 3.35–3.50 6–7 Biaxial (−) ~0.015–0.045 — Strong pleochroism
23 Fluorite Fluorite — 1.433–1.435 3.18 4 Isotropic None Irradiation possible Cubic
24 Garnet Garnet Group Various 1.720–1.890 3.50–4.30 6.5–7.5 Isotropic* None* Heat possible RI/SG vary greatly by species
25 Hessonite Grossular Hessonite 1.730–1.760 3.60–3.70 6.5–7.5 Isotropic None Heat possible “Cinnamon” garnet
26 Iolite Cordierite Iolite 1.542–1.578 2.58–2.66 7–7.5 Biaxial (−) ~0.008–0.012 Heat possible Strong pleochroism
27 Jadeite Jadeite Jadeite 1.654–1.667 3.30–3.38 6.5–7 Aggregate / polycrystalline ~0.012 Dye, impregnation, bleaching Toughness higher than hardness suggests
28 Jasper Quartz Jasper 1.530–1.540 2.58–2.90 6.5–7 Aggregate — Dyeing possible Opaque microcrystalline quartz
29 Kyanite Kyanite Kyanite 1.710–1.734 3.53–3.70 4.5–7 Biaxial (−) ~0.015 — Hardness varies by direction
30 Labradorite Feldspar Labradorite 1.559–1.573 2.68–2.72 6–6.5 Biaxial ~0.008–0.010 — Labradorescence
31 Lapis Lazuli Rock / Lazurite dominant Lapis Lazuli 1.500–1.550 2.70–2.90 5–5.5 Aggregate — Dyeing, impregnation Rock, not single mineral
32 Larimar Pectolite Larimar 1.600–1.650 2.70–2.90 4.5–5 Biaxial Variable — Blue pectolite
33 Malachite Malachite — 1.655–1.909 3.60–4.05 3.5–4 Biaxial Very high Wax, impregnation Often banded
34 Moldavite Natural Glass Moldavite ~1.48–1.54 2.32–2.40 5.5–6 Isotropic None — Impact glass
35 Moonstone Feldspar Moonstone 1.518–1.526 2.55–2.60 6–6.5 Biaxial Variable Coating possible Adularescence
36 Morganite Beryl Morganite 1.572–1.590 2.71–2.90 7.5–8 Uniaxial (−) ~0.006 Heat Pink beryl
37 Nephrite Amphibole Nephrite 1.600–1.630 2.90–3.10 6–6.5 Aggregate — Dye, impregnation Very tough fibrous aggregate
38 Obsidian Natural Glass Obsidian ~1.450–1.550 2.35–2.60 5–5.5 Isotropic None Heat/coating possible Volcanic glass
39 Onyx Quartz Onyx 1.530–1.540 2.58–2.65 6.5–7 Aggregate — Dyeing Commercial term often broad
40 Opal Hydrated Silica Opal 1.370–1.470 1.98–2.25 5.5–6.5 Amorphous None Smoke, sugar-acid, impregnation Water content variable
41 Peridot Olivine Peridot 1.635–1.690 3.27–3.37 6.5–7 Biaxial (+) ~0.036 Heat possible Strong birefringence
42 Prehnite Prehnite Prehnite 1.611–1.669 2.80–2.95 6–6.5 Biaxial (+) ~0.020 — Often included
43 Pyrite Pyrite — ~1.81–1.83 4.95–5.10 6–6.5 Isotropic None Coating possible Metallic luster
44 Quartz Quartz — 1.544–1.553 2.65–2.66 7 Uniaxial (+) ~0.009 Heat, irradiation Major gem mineral
45 Rhodochrosite Rhodochrosite — 1.600–1.820 3.45–3.70 3.5–4 Uniaxial (−) ~0.200 — Carbonate mineral
46 Rhodonite Rhodonite — 1.716–1.740 3.40–3.70 5.5–6.5 Triclinic / Biaxial Variable — Mn-bearing
47 Ruby Corundum Ruby 1.762–1.770 3.97–4.05 9 Uniaxial (−) ~0.008 Heat, flux, diffusion, filling Cr-bearing corundum
48 Sapphire Corundum Sapphire 1.762–1.770 3.97–4.05 9 Uniaxial (−) ~0.008 Heat, diffusion, filling Non-red gem corundum
49 Scapolite Scapolite Group Various 1.540–1.590 2.50–2.80 5.5–6 Uniaxial / Biaxial Variable Heat possible Composition-dependent
50 Serpentine Serpentine Group Various 1.560–1.580 2.44–2.62 2.5–5.5 Biaxial Variable Dyeing, impregnation Several polymorphs
51 Sillimanite Sillimanite — 1.654–1.680 3.23–3.25 6.5–7.5 Biaxial (+) ~0.011 — Polymorph of Al₂SiO₅
52 Smithsonite Smithsonite — 1.621–1.849 4.30–4.50 4–4.5 Uniaxial (−) Very high Dyeing possible Carbonate
53 Sodalite Sodalite — 1.483–1.487 2.14–2.40 5.5–6 Isotropic None Dyeing possible Often confused with Lapis
54 Spessartine Garnet Spessartine 1.790–1.810 4.12–4.20 7–7.5 Isotropic None Heat possible Mn-rich garnet
55 Spinel Spinel Various 1.712–1.762 3.54–3.63 8 Isotropic None Heat, diffusion possible Cubic
56 Sugilite Sugilite — 1.610–1.620 2.74–2.80 5.5–6.5 Uniaxial / Biaxial Variable Dyeing possible Purple mineral
57 Tanzanite Zoisite Tanzanite 1.691–1.700 3.35–3.56 6–7 Biaxial ~0.009 Heat Usually heat-treated
58 Tiger’s Eye Quartz Tiger’s Eye 1.544–1.553 2.64–2.71 6.5–7 Uniaxial (+) ~0.009 Dyeing possible Chatoyancy
59 Topaz Topaz — 1.606–1.634 3.49–3.57 8 Biaxial (+) ~0.008–0.010 Irradiation, heat Perfect basal cleavage
60 Tourmaline Tourmaline Group Various 1.614–1.666 3.00–3.26 7–7.5 Uniaxial (−) ~0.014–0.040 Heat, irradiation possible Strong pleochroism
61 Tsavorite Grossular Tsavorite 1.740–1.770 3.61–3.68 7–7.5 Isotropic None Usually none Green Grossular
62 Turquoise Turquoise — 1.610–1.650 2.40–2.90 5–6 Aggregate / cryptocrystalline Variable Wax, stabilization, dye Porous material
63 Unakite Rock Unakite ~1.53–1.57 2.60–2.90 6–7 Aggregate — — Epidote + feldspar + quartz
64 Variscite Variscite — 1.550–1.600 2.55–2.61 3.5–4.5 Biaxial Variable Dyeing possible Phosphate mineral
65 Vesuvianite Vesuvianite — 1.700–1.750 3.32–3.45 6.5 Uniaxial / Biaxial Variable Heat possible Idocrase
66 Wollastonite Wollastonite — 1.620–1.635 2.84–2.92 4.5–5 Biaxial ~0.015 — Calcium silicate
67 Xenotime Xenotime-(Y) — 1.720–1.815 4.40–4.60 4–5 Biaxial (+) Variable — Rare phosphate
68 Yellow Sapphire Corundum Yellow Sapphire 1.762–1.770 3.97–4.05 9 Uniaxial (−) ~0.008 Heat, diffusion Fe-bearing corundum
69 Zircon Zircon Zircon 1.810–2.024 3.90–4.73 6.5–7.5 Uniaxial (+) ~0.059 Heat High/low/intermediate type
70 Zoisite Zoisite — 1.690–1.700 3.10–3.38 6–7 Biaxial (+) ~0.005–0.018 Heat Tanzanite is a variety